[{"source":"Scoop.it - Documentation juridique (Stéphan Cottin)","id":3218421,"description":"This article belongs to the debate » Thinking Machines, Thinking Lawyers14 October 2026The (Currently) Uneven Intelligence of AI in Comparative Constitutional Law From Years of Research to a Single Prompt? Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to accelerate and improve the quality of research. This potential has inspired numerous projects exploring how AI could help scholarship on constitutional law. For example, there is research using AI to interpret constitutions,1) apply constitutional principles,2) and predict court rulings.3) Even the question of whether AI could improve the process of constitution-making has been studied.4) AI’s potential is particularly significant for comparative constitutional research. Systematically comparing legal systems requires locating sources from different jurisdictions, which are often difficult to access and only available in local languages. The creation of comparative legal datasets has thus involved considerable personnel, time, and financial resources. AI can overcome many of these obstacles. AI models can search for and translate foreign-language sources, filter them, and convert the filtered information into a dataset. In doing so, AI offers the prospect of datasets — which previously required years of research and the efforts of numerous experts and research assistants to compile — being just a prompt away. However, whether AI models can generate comparative law datasets that are qualitatively comparable to human-coded datasets has not yet been addressed (although Guha et al provide an example for a broader legal benchmarking exercise).5) We therefore conducted our own benchmarking study.6) We found evidence suggesting that recent AI models may be able to code simple factual data, but they are likely unreliable substitutes for expert human coders when conceptual or interpretive judgment is required. The Benchmarking Project: Seven Coding Tasks, Four Datasets, Two LLMs In our project, we tested the ability of two large language models (LLMs) to code different types of information relevant to comparative constitutional law. We specifically assessed whether LLMs can reproduce information from four existing comparative constitutional law datasets, all of which were compiled through human coding and which served as a ‘ground truth’ for our exercise. From these datasets, we asked the LLMs to code seven variables, which can be thought of as seven tasks relevant to the creation of comparative constitutional law datasets. Each of these tasks is either a test of fact-finding or reasoning abilities. First, from the Executive Term Limit Evasion Dataset,7) we drew information on whether presidents in 106 presidential systems have evaded constitutionally mandated term limits between 2000 and 2019. The dataset includes one variable on whether presidents attempt to overstay past the end of their term. The second variable captures what strategies executives use for doing so, such as amending the constitution, replacing it with a new one, or asking the court to interpret term limits out of the constitution. While determining whether a president overstayed is a fact-finding task, assessing the strategy used to do so requires reasoning. Second, from the Comparative Constitution Making Dataset,8) we drew information on the process by which constitutions were adopted in democracies between 1900 and 2015. This dataset also includes fact-finding variables such as (1) whether citizens were involved in the formulation, discussion, or submission of reform proposals, and (2) whether citizens participated in popular referendums at any stage in the process. The dataset’s most important variable (3) captures whether constitutions reflect ‘plural elite agreement,’ that is, whether all relevant elite factions in society were involved and represented during the process. The recreation of this variable requires reasoning. Third, from the Characteristics of National Constitutions Dataset9), we drew on its coding of 43 first-generation constitutional","pubDate":"Thu, 15 Oct 2026 08:26:22 +0200","url":"https://verfassungsblog.de/the-currently-uneven-intelligence-of-ai-in-comparative-constitutional-law/","titre":"The (Currently) Uneven Intelligence of AI in Comparative Constitutional Law"},{"pubDate":"Mon, 05 Oct 2026 08:07:08 +0200","url":"https://www.ftc.gov/business-guidance/blog/2017/08/stick-security-require-secure-passwords-authentication","titre":"Stick with Security: Require secure passwords and authentication","id":3197409,"description":"Stick with Security: Require secure passwords and authentication lfair August 11, 2017 | 10:47AM Stick with Security: Require secure passwords and authentication By Thomas B. Pahl, Acting Director, FTC Bureau of Consumer Protection To make it harder for hackers to bluff their way onto a computer network, careful companies follow the advice of Start with Security and require strong authentication practices . We’ve considered FTC settlements, closed investigations, and the questions we get from businesses about implementing good authentication “hygiene.” Here are some tips on using effective authentication procedures to help safeguard your network. Insist on long, complex, and unique passwords. A password’s very reason for being is to be easy for a user to remember, but hard for a fraudster to figure out. Obvious choices like ABCABC, 121212, or qwerty are the digital equivalent of a “hack me” sign. Furthermore, experts have determined that passphrases or longer passwords are generally harder to crack. The smarter strategy is for companies to think through their standards, implement minimum requirements, and educate users about how to create stronger passwords. Also, when you install software, applications, or hardware on your network, computers, or devices, change the default password immediately. And if you design products that require consumers to use a password, configure the initial set-up so they have to change the default password. Example: A staff member attempts to select payroll as the password for the database that includes employee payroll information. The company sets up its system to reject an obvious choice like that. Example: To access the corporate network, a business allows employees to type in their username and a shared password common to everyone who works there. Employees are also allowed to use that shared password to access other services on the system, some of which contain sensitive personal information. The more prudent policy would be to require strong, unique passwords for each employee and to insist that they use different passwords to access different applications. Example: At a staff meeting, a company’s IT manager offers tips for employees about good password hygiene. She explains that passphrases or longer passwords are better than short passwords based on standard dictionary words or well-known information (for example, a child’s name, a pet, a birthday, or a favorite sports team). By establishing a more secure corporate password standard and educating employees about implementing it, the IT manager is taking a step to help her company reduce the risk of unauthorized access. Store passwords securely. A company’s first line of defense against data thieves is a workforce trained to keep passwords secret. But even the strongest password is ineffective if an employee writes it on a sticky note on her desk or shares it with someone else. Train your staff not to disclose passwords in response to phone calls or emails, including ones that may appear to be coming from a colleague. Con artists have been known to impersonate corporate officials by spoofing phone numbers or email addresses. A compromised password poses a particular risk if it can be used to open the door to even more sensitive information – for example, a database of other user credentials maintained on the network in plain, readable text. Make it difficult for data thieves to turn a lucky password guess into a catastrophic breach of your company’s most sensitive data by implementing policies and procedures to store credentials securely. Example: A new employee gets a call from someone who claims to be the company’s system administrator. The caller asks him to verify his network password. Because the new staffer learned about impersonation scams at an in-house security orientation, he refuses to disclose his password and instead reports the incident to the appropriate person in the company. Example: A company keeps user credentials and other passwords in plain","source":"FTC USA Business Blog Posts"},{"pubDate":"Fri, 02 Oct 2026 08:34:17 +0200","titre":"Public consultation on the draft BEREC Work Programme 2027","url":"https://www.berec.europa.eu/en/public-consultations-calls-for-inputs/public-consultation-on-the-draft-berec-work-programme-2027","id":3193166,"description":"Public consultation on the draft BEREC Work Programme 2027 yannick.stephan Thu, 01/10/2026 - 09:00 Breadcrumbs Public Consultations & Calls for Inputs Deadline to submit contributions:  31 October 2026 In January this year, BEREC adopted the Outline BEREC Work Programme 2027 , which reflected BEREC's objectives for the upcoming year. BEREC launched a first Call for inputs on the Work Programme 2027 from 27 February to 15 April. During the call for proposals, several additional actions were identified. Considering the early input received, during the 68th BEREC ordinary meetings (1-2 October 2026), the Board of Regulators adopted the draft BEREC Work Programme 2027 [BoR (26) 142] for public consultation. Background BEREC prepares its annual work programme in accordance with Article 21 of the BEREC Regulation and the BEREC Strategy 2026-2030 to guide how it organises and prioritises its work towards clearly defined objectives. The 2027 draft work programme was developed inclusively and transparently, with contributions from various stakeholders. This approach helps ensure that BEREC remains responsive to market needs, regulatory developments, and end-user expectations. Aim The BEREC Work Programme 2027 aims to align with the BEREC Strategy 2026-2030 and its five strategic pillars: Promoting full connectivity and the Digital Single Market; Supporting competition-driven and open digital ecosystems; Empowering end-users; Contributing to sustainable, secure, and resilient digital infrastructures; Strengthening BEREC’s capabilities and continuous improvement. The work programme will also take into consideration priorities set for BEREC’s institutional and international cooperation. Furthermore, the 2027 work programme has been developed against the backdrop of the ongoing review of the regulatory framework and the European Commission’s proposal for a Digital Networks Act, published in January 2026. This piece of legislation is meant to be the cornerstone shaping the future of the sector in the EU. As an advisory body to EU institutions for electronic communications, BEREC is committed to providing expert, independent advice to co-legislators and the European Commission throughout the legislative procedure. BEREC also aims to provide support and advice on other relevant policy developments. In addition to the mandatory work foreseen in the EU regulatory framework, the BEREC work programme follows a multiannual approach, meaning some projects started in 2026 will be completed in 2027 and are therefore included as carryovers. Additionally, recurring items are considered by default. Submit your contributions The incoming BEREC Chair 2027, Alejandra de Iturriaga Gandini (CNMC, Spain), encourages all interested stakeholders to provide their views and contributions to the draft BEREC Work Programme 2027 by submitting them to BEREC-WP2027@DISTRO.BEREC.EUROPA.EU by 31 October 2026 . After submitting the contribution, you will receive an automatic acknowledgement email. If you do not receive this acknowledgement, please contact the BEREC Office. Contributions should be sent preferably in English, and, to facilitate processing of the responses, the comments provided should clearly refer to specific paragraphs of the document. In accordance with the BEREC policy on public consultations , BEREC will publish all contributions and a summary thereof, respecting confidentiality requests. In that regard, please clearly mark the parts you define as confidential. We strongly encourage all stakeholders to submit their contributions as early as possible. Contributions received after the above-mentioned deadline will not be taken into account. Privacy statement type Privacy Statement for Public Consultation Category Name Ongoing Public Consultations and Calls for Inputs Notify subscribers","source":"BEREC Office"},{"pubDate":"Wed, 01 May 2024 10:22:38 +0200","titre":"Unlocking Success: Industries with the Highest Profit per Employee Revealed!","url":"https://businesstoday.news/unlocking-success-industries-with-the-highest-profit-per-employee-revealed/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=unlocking-success-industries-with-the-highest-profit-per-employee-revealed","source":"Business Today","id":1292952,"description":"Key Takeaways: Subtitle: Delving into Profitability Metrics and Strategic Expansion Insights Across UK Industries. The Profitability Equation: Decoding Industries’ Performance In the realm of business efficiency, a key metric stands out: profit per employee. This metric not only reflects operational efficiency but also plays a pivotal role in strategic decision-making, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) aiming to maintain profitability amidst growth aspirations. A recent analysis by money.co.uk business credit card experts unveils the industries with the highest profit per employee in the UK, shedding light on strategic insights for sustainable business expansion. Unveiling Profitability: Top Industries and Their The post Unlocking Success: Industries with the Highest Profit per Employee Revealed! appeared first on Business Today"},{"source":"Business Today","description":"Key Takeaways: Subtitle: Unraveling Profitability Trends and Strategic Insights Across UK Industries. Unveiling the Profitability Enigma: Industries at Their Employee-Earning Peak In the intricate tapestry of business success, a crucial thread is the profit per employee metric. It not only measures operational efficiency but also serves as a barometer for strategic decision-making, especially critical for SMEs aiming at sustained profitability amid growth ambitions. A recent analysis by money.co.uk business credit card experts delves into the industries with the highest profit per employee in the UK, unlocking strategic insights for businesses eyeing financial excellence. Mining the Wealth: Top Industries and Their The post Secrets Unveiled: Industries That Turn Employees Into Gold Mines appeared first on Business Today","id":1292953,"url":"https://businesstoday.news/secrets-unveiled-industries-that-turn-employees-into-gold-mines/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=secrets-unveiled-industries-that-turn-employees-into-gold-mines","titre":"Secrets Unveiled: Industries That Turn Employees Into Gold Mines","pubDate":"Wed, 01 May 2024 10:22:38 +0200"},{"source":"Business Today","id":1282820,"description":"Key Takeaways: Uncovering Neglected Needs in Pulmonary Hypertension Care The recent International Meeting on Pulmonary Hypertension Clinical Treatment (IMPAHCT) 2024, hosted by Ferrer, exposed significant gaps in the support and awareness surrounding pulmonary hypertension (PH) and its associated interstitial lung disease (ILD). With insights from global experts and patient advocates, the conference spotlighted critical issues and proposed solutions for enhancing patient care and quality of life. Amplifying Patient Voices: Calls for Psychological Support The IMPAHCT 2024 conference underscored the importance of integrating patients’ voices into the discourse surrounding pulmonary hypertension. Experts and representatives from organizations like PHA Europe emphasized the The post Shocking Truth: Lack of Support for Pulmonary Hypertension Patients Revealed! appeared first on Business Today","pubDate":"Sat, 27 Apr 2024 10:39:47 +0200","titre":"Shocking Truth: Lack of Support for Pulmonary Hypertension Patients Revealed!","url":"https://businesstoday.news/shocking-truth-lack-of-support-for-pulmonary-hypertension-patients-revealed/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=shocking-truth-lack-of-support-for-pulmonary-hypertension-patients-revealed"},{"url":"https://businesstoday.news/unveiling-the-tiktok-revolution-uk-businesses-flock-to-freelancers-for-digital-marketing-domination/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=unveiling-the-tiktok-revolution-uk-businesses-flock-to-freelancers-for-digital-marketing-domination","titre":"Unveiling the TikTok Revolution: UK Businesses Flock to Freelancers for Digital Marketing Domination!","pubDate":"Tue, 23 Apr 2024 10:40:57 +0200","description":"Key Takeaways: The TikTok Marketing Craze: Fiverr’s Business Trends Index Unravels the Shift In a digital era dominated by social media prowess, UK businesses are embarking on a TikTok-fueled journey to captivate new audiences and amplify their brand presence. Fiverr’s latest Business Trends Index delves into the evolving landscape, showcasing the burgeoning demand for TikTok experts and other digital services. TikTok Takes Center Stage: The Rise of Social Media Marketing Amidst the vibrant realm of social media, TikTok emerges as a powerhouse for businesses seeking innovative marketing avenues. The surge in searches for ‘TikTok Shop,’ ‘TikTok Video ads,’ and ‘UGC The post Unveiling the TikTok Revolution: UK Businesses Flock to Freelancers for Digital Marketing Domination! appeared first on Business Today","id":1270384,"source":"Business Today"},{"pubDate":"Tue, 19 Mar 2024 16:34:17 +0100","titre":"5 Crucial Trading Mistakes: Avoid These Pitfalls for Financial Success!","url":"https://businesstoday.news/5-crucial-trading-mistakes-avoid-these-pitfalls-for-financial-success/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=5-crucial-trading-mistakes-avoid-these-pitfalls-for-financial-success","source":"Business Today","id":1194432,"description":"Key Takeaways: The allure of trading has never been stronger, with a surge in online searches for ‘trading for beginners’ and the explosive popularity of financial education videos on platforms like TikTok. However, amidst the excitement, it’s crucial to tread carefully and equip oneself with the necessary knowledge to navigate the complexities of the trading landscape. City Index, a leading provider of online trading services, offers valuable insights into the most common trading mistakes and expert advice on how to steer clear of them. Let’s explore these crucial insights and discover the keys to financial success in the dynamic world The post 5 Crucial Trading Mistakes: Avoid These Pitfalls for Financial Success! appeared first on Business Today"},{"pubDate":"Fri, 15 Mar 2024 16:31:27 +0100","titre":"Revealed: The Surprising Reasons Why You Cry More on Airplanes – Experts Uncover the Truth!","url":"https://businesstoday.news/revealed-the-surprising-reasons-why-you-cry-more-on-airplanes-experts-uncover-the-truth/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=revealed-the-surprising-reasons-why-you-cry-more-on-airplanes-experts-uncover-the-truth","source":"Business Today","id":1187458,"description":"Key Takeaways: Ever found yourself unexpectedly shedding tears during a flight, wondering what mystical forces could be at play? Well, fret not, as experts from Brainworks Neurotherapy have delved into the science behind this phenomenon, shedding light on the surprising reasons why emotions run high in the friendly skies. The Physiology of Tears: Unpacking the Mysteries of Air Pressure James Roy, a neuro expert from Brainworks Neurotherapy, provides insights into the physiological mechanisms that contribute to in-flight emotional rollercoasters. He explains, “Flying can be an uncomfortable and painful experience for some, partly due to air pressure changes inside the ears. The post Revealed: The Surprising Reasons Why You Cry More on Airplanes – Experts Uncover the Truth! appeared first on Business Today"},{"source":"Business Today","id":1184935,"description":"Key Takeaways: In the dynamic landscape of business, where every second counts, understanding the intricacies of human behavior is paramount for unlocking hidden efficiencies and driving organizational success. With insights from bespoke software development experts Codiance, we delve into the secret behaviors that often go unnoticed but have a profound impact on business efficiency. Cracking the Code: Unveiling Hidden Behaviors Adapting Systems to People: Embracing Informal Solutions Collaborative Interactions: Fostering Effective Teamwork Embracing Unofficial Innovations: Tapping into Creativity Optimizing Workload Management through Shadowing Valuing Human Experience: Elevating Morale through Automation In the Words of the Experts: Insights from Codiance Mark The post Unveiled: The Secret Behaviors Impacting Business Efficiency! appeared first on Business Today","pubDate":"Thu, 14 Mar 2024 16:29:57 +0100","url":"https://businesstoday.news/unveiled-the-secret-behaviors-impacting-business-efficiency/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=unveiled-the-secret-behaviors-impacting-business-efficiency","titre":"Unveiled: The Secret Behaviors Impacting Business Efficiency!"},{"url":"https://businesstoday.news/exposed-the-shocking-truth-behind-skyrocketing-car-insurance-costs/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=exposed-the-shocking-truth-behind-skyrocketing-car-insurance-costs","titre":"Exposed: The Shocking Truth Behind Skyrocketing Car Insurance Costs!","pubDate":"Mon, 11 Mar 2024 16:35:15 +0100","source":"Business Today","description":"Key Takeaways: In a staggering revelation that has left motorists reeling, car insurance premiums have skyrocketed by a whopping 58% within the last 12 months, thrusting the average annual cost to a staggering £995. As drivers grapple with the financial strain of these exorbitant expenses, experts delve into the core reasons driving this unprecedented surge and offer invaluable insights into mitigating the impact. Unraveling the Surge: Reasons Behind Rising Car Insurance Premiums As drivers grapple with the burden of escalating car insurance costs, it’s imperative to understand the driving forces fuelling this surge: Navigating the Turbulence: Expert Strategies to Mitigate The post Exposed: The Shocking Truth Behind Skyrocketing Car Insurance Costs! appeared first on Business Today","id":1177160}]