[{"description":"dc.contributor.author: Larochelle, Vincent dc.date.issued: 2026-10 dc.description.abstract: Ce mémoire analyse la politique linguistique canadienne à travers l’un de ses aspects fondamentaux, celui des langues officielles dans la fonction publique fédérale canadienne. En partant d’une mise en contexte historique couvrant la période allant de la Conquête anglaise à la Révolution tranquille, il rappelle d’abord le contexte social dans lequel évoluaient les Canadiens français et les Canadiens anglais, et auquel la politique linguistique canadienne était censée répondre. Pour évaluer l’efficacité de la politique linguistique canadienne, ce mémoire procède à une analyse inédite de la composition linguistique de la fonction publique canadienne au fil du temps. Cette analyse de données s’étalant sur plus de 50 ans révèle un double constat : si les fonctionnaires francophones sont désormais représentés à la hauteur du poids démographique qu’ils occupent dans la société canadienne, les postes français ont subi un effondrement de près de 70% entre 1973 et 2024, passant de 12,5% à seulement 3,2% de l’ensemble des postes, tandis que les postes anglais demeurent quasi-stables, ne perdant sur la même période que 3,1% de leurs effectifs. Dans une fonction publique censée être bilingue selon la Loi, il y a aujourd’hui 15 fois plus de postes anglais que de postes français. Il y a par ailleurs six fois moins de postes français dans la fonction publique fédérale canadienne que le poids réel des francophones au sein de la société canadienne. En outre, pour chaque poste anglais disponible pour un fonctionnaire anglophone, le fonctionnaire francophone a accès à 6 fois moins de postes français. Il en résulte que, comme jadis, l’anglais demeure la langue de travail nettement dominante de la fonction publique fédérale, tandis que le français continue d’être marginalisé, en contradiction avec certains des objectifs de la Loi sur les langues officielles.; This master’s thesis analyzes the Canadian language policy through one of its fundamental aspects, official languages within the Canadian federal public service. Starting with a historical overview spanning the period going from the English Conquest to the Quiet Revolution, it first recalls the social context in which French Canadians and English Canadians evolved, and to which the Canadian language policy was supposed to respond. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the Canadian language policy, this thesis carries out an original analysis of the linguistic composition of the federal public service over time. This over 50-year data analysis reveals a dual finding: while francophone public servants are now represented in proportion to their demographic weight in Canadian society, french positions have collapsed by nearly 70% between 1973 and 2024, falling from 12.5% to only 3.2% of all positions, whereas English positions have remained nearly stable, losing only 3.1% of their share over the same period. In a public service that is supposed to be bilingual under the Act, there are today 15 times more English positions than French positions. Moreover, there are six times fewer French positions in the Canadian public service than the actual demographic weight of Francophones in the Canadian society. Furthermore, for every Anglophone public servant who obtains a position in their language, a Francophone public servant has 6 times fewer chances of obtaining a position in their language. As a result, as in the past, English remains the clearly dominant working language of the federal public service, while french continues to be marginalized, in contradiction with some of","id":3260041,"pubDate":"Tue, 03 Nov 2026 08:25:09 +0100","titre":"Le français dans la fonction publique fédérale","url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1866/46873","source":"Faculté de droit Travaux récents"},{"titre":"FTC consumer protection year in review offers 2020 vision for your business","pubDate":"Thu, 08 Oct 2026 08:06:58 +0200","id":3203247,"description":"FTC consumer protection year in review offers 2020 vision for your business lfair January 8, 2020 | 9:26AM FTC consumer protection year in review offers 2020 vision for your business By Lesley Fair They say hindsight is 20/20, but what about foresight? We’re not ones to prognosticate, but a look at notable FTC cases and initiatives from the past year suggests some topics likely to be top of mind in months to come. Here is a non-exhaustive list of issues in our 2019 rearview mirror and likely visible through the 2020 windshield. Consumer privacy. The FTC’s $5 billion enforcement action against Facebook made history and headlines, but the other notable part of the case is the monumental change the order mandates to Facebook’s privacy ecosystem. The Commission opinion in Cambridge Analytica reaffirms the proposition that like any other claim, a company’s privacy promises are viewed through the lens of established FTC consumer perception principles. A series of cases demonstrates the agency’s continued commitment to challenging false or misleading representations about businesses’ compliance with the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield Framework. Another important development is the FTC’s proposed settlement with Retina-X . It’s our first action against a marketer of stalking apps – software that allowed purchasers to monitor the mobile devices on which they’re installed, without users’ knowledge. COPPA. Congress passed the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act to ensure that when it comes to the collection of kids’ personal information online, parents are in the driver’s seat. The FTC settlement with YouTube – brought in conjunction with the New York Attorney General – alleges that the company collected kids’ personal data without parental consent, in violation of the COPPA Rule . The $170 million civil penalty broke the record for the largest remedy in an FTC COPPA case, set months before in our $5.7 million settlement with Musical.ly , now known as TikTok. If you’re a YouTube channel owner, read a special Business Blog post for tips on determining if your content is directed to children. Data security. Is your company honoring its data security promises and taking reasonable steps to safeguard the sensitive information in its possession? The FTC, CFPB, and State AG actions against Equifax illustrate how consumers are injured when companies ignore reasonably foreseeable threats. The settlement, which totals between $575 million and $700 million – also reminds businesses that heeding warnings about known risks is more prudent (and cost-effective) than the alternative. Three threads tie together the FTC’s unrelated actions against LightYear Dealer Technologies and InfoTrax Systems . They both sell management software to specific industries. They both allegedly failed to take reasonable steps to secure their networks, resulting in damaging data breaches. And they’re both covered by similar new orders the FTC has introduced in recent data security cases. If you or your clients are players in the Internet of Things, the settlement of the FTC’s litigation against connected device company D-Link sends an unmistakable message: The future of the IoT marketplace depends on secure software development. Endorsements, certifications, and influencers. Why is the FTC concerned about the accuracy of endorsements and certifications? Because they’re material to consumers. The FTC says Truly Organics’ claim that its personal care products were “certified organic” lathered up a double bubble of deception. First, its merchandise contained ingredients that weren’t organic. Second, the company falsely claimed that its products were certified by USDA’s National Organic Program. Other FTC developments focused on the use of endorsements in social media. The FTC’s action against Devumi alleges the company sold fake followers, phony subscribers, and bogus","source":"FTC USA Business Blog Posts","url":"https://www.ftc.gov/business-guidance/blog/2020/01/ftc-consumer-protection-year-review-offers-2020-vision-your-business"},{"source":"FTC USA Business Blog Posts","url":"https://www.ftc.gov/business-guidance/blog/2012/06/speaking-spokeo-part-2-companys-allegedly-bogus-endorsements","titre":"Speaking of Spokeo: Part 2 — The company’s allegedly bogus endorsements","pubDate":"Sat, 03 Oct 2026 14:06:13 +0200","id":3195787,"description":"Speaking of Spokeo: Part 2 — The company’s allegedly bogus endorsements wfg-adm109 June 13, 2012 | 12:25PM Speaking of Spokeo: Part 2 — The company’s allegedly bogus endorsements By Lesley Fair The lawsuit against data broker Spokeo is the FTC’s first Fair Credit Reporting Act case addressing the collection of online info — including data from social networking sites — when used in the context of employment screening.  But that’s not the only way the Spokeo settlement touches on social media.  The FTC also charged that Spokeo violated Section 5 by having employees post glowing recommendations of the company’s services on news and technology websites without disclosing their true identity. Perhaps just the work of a rogue cubicle occupant?  No, said the FTC.  According to the complaint , Spokeo directed its employees to write the comments.  Spokeo managers then edited what they wrote and had the staffers post the endorsements using account names provided by Spokeo.  The purpose, says the FTC, was to give readers the misleading impression that the laudatory words had been posted by independent consumers or business users of Spokeo. The FTC’s revisions to its Endorsement Guides made headlines a few years ago.  Ironically enough, the provision that seemed to attract the most attention is one that didn’t change.  It’s the law — and it’s always been the law under Section 5 — that consumers have a right to know when there’s a material connection between an advertiser and an endorser.  Here’s how the Guides put it:  \"When there exists a connection between the endorser and the seller of the advertised product that might materially affect the weight or credibility of the endorsement ( i.e., the connection is not reasonably expected by the audience), such connection must be fully disclosed.\" According to the FTC, by posting comments that conveyed the untruthful impression that they came from satisfied users of Spokeo’s services, Spokeo engaged in false and misleading practices.  To settle the endorsement count in the lawsuit, Spokeo has agreed that it won’t misrepresent, expressly or by implication, the status of any user of a product or service — for example, that someone is an independent, ordinary endorser if that’s not the case.  The company also will clearly and prominently disclose any material connection between an endorser and Spokeo (or any other entity advertising, selling, or promoting a product) when a connection exists.  What about the bogus endorsements already posted?  Spokeo has seven days to take all reasonable steps to pull them down. Looking for more about complying with the Endorsement Guides?  Read The FTC’s Revised Endorsement Guides: What People are Asking and watch this video: While you’re at it, share this post and those resources with your marketing staff, your ad agency, your PR firm, and anyone else who plays a role in your publicity and promotions. Next:  What the Spokeo settlement means for your business, your next ad campaign, and your job search"},{"source":"EDPB News","url":"https://www.edpb.europa.eu/news/news/2025/french-sa-fines-solocal-eu900-000_en","description":"Background information Date of final decision: 15 May 2025 National case Controller:  SOLOCAL MARKETING SERVICES Legal Reference(s): Article 7 (Conditions for consent), Article 6 (Lawfulness of processing) Decision: administrative fine and an order to cease electronic commercial prospecting in the absence of valid consent, together with a penalty of €10 000 per day overdue after a period of 9 months Key words: administrative fine, consent,  unsolicited communication   Summary of the Decision Origin of the case   As the French Supervisory Authority (SA) made commercial prospecting a priority topic for investigations in 2022, it focused on the practices of professionals in the sector, particularly those who resell data, including the many intermediaries in this ecosystem known as data brokers. The French SA carried out investigations on SOLOCAL MARKETING SERVICES which got prospect data mainly from data brokers, publishers of game contests and product testing sites (these actors are the first links in the chain, the primary collectors, who are responsible for collecting prospect data). SOLOCAL MARKETING SERVICES used this data to operate commercial prospecting by SMS or e-mail to individuals concerned, on behalf of its advertiser customer. It may also pass on some of this data to its customers, so that they can carry out their own commercial prospecting by telephone or post. Key Findings  Failure to comply with the obligation to obtain the consent of individuals to receive commercial prospecting by electronic means (Article L.34-5 of the French Post and Electronic Communications Code): The restricted committee considered that the misleading appearance of the forms used by data brokers made it impossible to obtain free and unambiguous consent, in compliance with the requirements of the GDPR, which would have formed the basis for the prospecting operations carried out by the company. Failure to demonstrate that the data subject has consented to processing of his or her personal data (Article 7 of the GDPR): The company failed to provide the French SA with proof of consent from individuals whose data has been transferred to it by one of its main suppliers. As a result, the French SA was unable to examine the collection forms used by this supplier and, therefore, the validity of the consent of the data subjects.   Decision  Based on the findings of the inspection, the restricted committee – the French SA body responsible for issuing sanctions – considered that the company had failed to comply with obligations under the French Post and Electronic Communications Code (CPCE) and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) regarding the collection and proof of consent.  It imposed on SOLOCAL MARKETING SERVICES:  a €900 000 fine which was made public; and an order to cease electronic commercial prospecting in the absence of valid consent, together with a penalty of €10 000 per day overdue after a period of 9 months.  The amount of this fine takes into account the very large number of people concerned (several million), the company's historical position on the market, the financial benefit derived from the breaches, and the measures taken by the company to comply with some of its obligations since the checks were carried out. For further information:  •  Courtiers en données : sanction de 900 000 euros à l’encontre de la société SOLOCAL MARKETING SERVICES (French) •  Data brokers: SOLOCAL MARKETING SERVICES fined €900,000  (English)","titre":"The French SA fines SOLOCAL €900 000","id":2170441,"pubDate":"Tue, 10 Jun 2025 09:51:20 +0200"},{"url":"https://www.edpb.europa.eu/news/news/2025/french-sa-fines-solocal-900-000-eu_en","source":"EDPB News","description":"Background information Date of final decision: 15 May 2025 National case Controller:  SOLOCAL MARKETING SERVICES Legal Reference(s): Article 7 (Conditions for consent), Article 6 (Lawfulness of processing) Decision: administrative fine and an order to cease electronic commercial prospecting in the absence of valid consent, together with a penalty of 10 000 € per day overdue after a period of 9 months Key words: administrative fine, consent,  unsolicited communication   Summary of the Decision Origin of the case   As the French Supervisory Authority (SA) made commercial prospecting a priority topic for investigations in 2022, it focused on the practices of professionals in the sector, particularly those who resell data, including the many intermediaries in this ecosystem known as data brokers. The French SA carried out investigations on SOLOCAL MARKETING SERVICES which got prospect data mainly from data brokers, publishers of game contests and product testing sites (these actors are the first links in the chain, the primary collectors, who are responsible for collecting prospect data). SOLOCAL MARKETING SERVICES used this data to operate commercial prospecting by SMS or e-mail to individuals concerned, on behalf of its advertiser customer. It may also pass on some of this data to its customers, so that they can carry out their own commercial prospecting by telephone or post. Key Findings  Failure to comply with the obligation to obtain the consent of individuals to receive commercial prospecting by electronic means (Article L.34-5 of the French Post and Electronic Communications Code): The restricted committee considered that the misleading appearance of the forms used by data brokers made it impossible to obtain free and unambiguous consent, in compliance with the requirements of the GDPR, which would have formed the basis for the prospecting operations carried out by the company. Failure to demonstrate that the data subject has consented to processing of his or her personal data (Article 7 of the GDPR): The company failed to provide the French SA with proof of consent from individuals whose data has been transferred to it by one of its main suppliers. As a result, the French SA was unable to examine the collection forms used by this supplier and, therefore, the validity of the consent of the data subjects.   Decision  Based on the findings of the inspection, the restricted committee – the French SA body responsible for issuing sanctions – considered that the company had failed to comply with obligations under the French Post and Electronic Communications Code (CPCE) and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) regarding the collection and proof of consent.  It imposed on SOLOCAL MARKETING SERVICES:  a 900 000 € fine which was made public; and an order to cease electronic commercial prospecting in the absence of valid consent, together with a penalty of 10 000 € per day overdue after a period of 9 months.  The amount of this fine takes into account the very large number of people concerned (several million), the company's historical position on the market, the financial benefit derived from the breaches, and the measures taken by the company to comply with some of its obligations since the checks were carried out. For further information:  •   Courtiers en données : sanction de 900 000 euros à l’encontre de la société SOLOCAL MARKETING SERVICES (French) •   Data brokers: SOLOCAL MARKETING SERVICES fined €900,000  (English)","id":2130472,"pubDate":"Wed, 21 May 2025 15:52:14 +0200","titre":"The French SA fines SOLOCAL 900 000 €"},{"titre":"Shocking Revelations: The Green Revolution That Could Cost You Money!","id":1270379,"pubDate":"Tue, 23 Apr 2024 10:40:55 +0200","description":"Key Takeaways: The Green Job Craze: Sacrifices for Sustainability Recent data from Indeed, a global job matching platform, has unveiled surprising insights into the growing allure of sustainability-focused careers. With a staggering 1 in 4 individuals willing to accept a pay cut for a role that positively impacts society and the environment, the dynamics of the job market are undergoing a profound transformation. The Rising Demand for Green Talent The statistics speak volumes about the shifting priorities among job seekers and employees. A 116% surge in ESG/sustainability-related job postings between 2019 and 2024 reflects an increasing demand for professionals who The post Shocking Revelations: The Green Revolution That Could Cost You Money! appeared first on Business Today","source":"Business Today","url":"https://businesstoday.news/shocking-revelations-the-green-revolution-that-could-cost-you-money/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=shocking-revelations-the-green-revolution-that-could-cost-you-money"},{"titre":"AI Power Move: How This Consultancy Is Redefining Industry Titans with Top-Tier Talent","pubDate":"Tue, 09 Apr 2024 10:37:18 +0200","id":1237677,"description":"Key Takeaways: Strategic Expansion in Leadership Mesh-AI’s Bold Move In a strategic play to accelerate its growth, Mesh-AI, a leading consultancy in data and AI enterprise transformation, has announced the induction of two senior figures from Amazon Web Services (AWS) into its leadership team. This move signifies Mesh-AI’s commitment to enhancing its service offerings and expanding its market reach. Leadership with a Vision Jacob Parsons and James Houlton, the new Chief Revenue Officer and Director of Energy & Utilities respectively, bring a wealth of experience from AWS, aiming to replicate their success at Mesh-AI. Their roles are critical in steering The post AI Power Move: How This Consultancy Is Redefining Industry Titans with Top-Tier Talent appeared first on Business Today","source":"Business Today","url":"https://businesstoday.news/ai-power-move-how-this-consultancy-is-redefining-industry-titans-with-top-tier-talent/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=ai-power-move-how-this-consultancy-is-redefining-industry-titans-with-top-tier-talent"},{"id":1237676,"pubDate":"Tue, 09 Apr 2024 10:37:17 +0200","titre":"Revolutionizing Data Management: The Game-Changing Platform Promising Billions in Savings","description":"Key Takeaways: Unveiling the Data Quality Conundrum The Cost of Data Disarray In an age where data drives decisions, the quality of this data has become a critical concern for businesses globally. Inaccuracies in data can lead to erroneous decision-making and financial losses, with the collective annual cost reaching into the trillions. LiTech’s Mission to Mend Estonian startup LiTech, having secured significant funding, is stepping up to address this pervasive issue with its innovative Cloud-based SaaS platform aimed at enhancing data quality management across various industries. LiTech’s SaaS Platform: A Closer Look Democratizing Data Quality Management LiTech’s Cloud platform is The post Revolutionizing Data Management: The Game-Changing Platform Promising Billions in Savings appeared first on Business Today","url":"https://businesstoday.news/revolutionizing-data-management-the-game-changing-platform-promising-billions-in-savings/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=revolutionizing-data-management-the-game-changing-platform-promising-billions-in-savings","source":"Business Today"},{"pubDate":"Thu, 04 Apr 2024 16:35:46 +0200","id":1228900,"titre":"Revealed: Groundbreaking Partnership Revolutionizes UK Government Policy with Cutting-Edge Mobility Insights","description":"Key Takeaways: Empowering Decision-Making with Data In a groundbreaking move, Virgin Media O2 Business has forged a strategic alliance with the Office for National Statistics (ONS), marking a pivotal moment in the realm of governmental data utilization. This partnership signifies a remarkable leap forward in leveraging anonymized mobility insights to inform policy decisions and drive transformative change across various sectors. Unveiling the Partnership London, April 3, 2024: The Office for National Statistics (ONS) has handpicked Virgin Media O2 Business as a key ally to provide invaluable mobility data. This anonymized data, sourced from O2 Motion, will serve as a cornerstone The post Revealed: Groundbreaking Partnership Revolutionizes UK Government Policy with Cutting-Edge Mobility Insights appeared first on Business Today","url":"https://businesstoday.news/revealed-groundbreaking-partnership-revolutionizes-uk-government-policy-with-cutting-edge-mobility-insights/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=revealed-groundbreaking-partnership-revolutionizes-uk-government-policy-with-cutting-edge-mobility-insights","source":"Business Today"},{"description":"Key Takeaways: In a surprising turn of events, the demand for small move and Man and Van services has witnessed a staggering 41.3% increase between December 2023 and February 2024 in the UK, according to data from Compare My Move. As the property market continues to gather momentum, with house prices on the rise and a flurry of activity in the real estate sector, the question arises: Is 2024 the ideal year to embark on the journey of starting your own Man and Van business? Let’s delve deeper into the trends and statistics shaping the landscape of the moving industry The post Revealed: Surging Demand for Moving Services – Is 2024 the Year to Start Your Own Business? appeared first on Business Today","id":1182346,"pubDate":"Wed, 13 Mar 2024 16:30:41 +0100","titre":"Revealed: Surging Demand for Moving Services – Is 2024 the Year to Start Your Own Business?","url":"https://businesstoday.news/revealed-surging-demand-for-moving-services-is-2024-the-year-to-start-your-own-business/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=revealed-surging-demand-for-moving-services-is-2024-the-year-to-start-your-own-business","source":"Business Today"},{"url":"https://businesstoday.news/unveiled-inside-the-cutting-edge-roadmap-to-revolutionize-decision-intelligence-are-you-ready-for-the-future/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=unveiled-inside-the-cutting-edge-roadmap-to-revolutionize-decision-intelligence-are-you-ready-for-the-future","source":"Business Today","description":"Key Takeaways: Amidst the rapidly evolving landscape of decision intelligence, Quantexa, a global leader in decision intelligence solutions, has unveiled its ambitious roadmap to redefine how enterprises and government agencies leverage data and AI for informed decision-making. At QuanCon24, the company’s annual customer and partner conference, Quantexa showcased groundbreaking innovations, strategic partnerships, and a renewed commitment to empowering organizations with actionable insights. Pioneering Decision Intelligence: A Vision for the Future Quantexa’s Decision Intelligence Platform roadmap is driven by a steadfast commitment to assisting enterprises and government agencies in harnessing the power of contextual analytics and AI. Dan Higgins, Quantexa’s Chief The post Unveiled: Inside the Cutting-Edge Roadmap to Revolutionize Decision Intelligence – Are You Ready for the Future? appeared first on Business Today","id":1182342,"pubDate":"Wed, 13 Mar 2024 16:30:40 +0100","titre":"Unveiled: Inside the Cutting-Edge Roadmap to Revolutionize Decision Intelligence – Are You Ready for the Future?"},{"source":"Business Today","url":"https://businesstoday.news/rising-tide-of-self-doubt-how-businesses-can-combat-the-surging-imposter-syndrome/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=rising-tide-of-self-doubt-how-businesses-can-combat-the-surging-imposter-syndrome","titre":"Rising Tide of Self-Doubt: How Businesses Can Combat the Surging Imposter Syndrome","pubDate":"Mon, 11 Mar 2024 16:35:15 +0100","id":1177159,"description":"Key Takeaways: In today’s competitive business landscape, success often comes hand in hand with pressure and self-doubt. According to recent findings by YouGov, the phenomenon of imposter syndrome, characterized by feelings of inadequacy despite evident success, has surged by a staggering 55%. This surge hints at a pervasive struggle among professionals to reconcile their achievements with their internal doubts. The Imposter Syndrome Epidemic The persistent feeling of being a fraud in one’s own success has become a prevalent concern across industries. Recent data from office space experts at Instant Offices suggests a significant uptick in searches related to imposter syndrome. The post Rising Tide of Self-Doubt: How Businesses Can Combat the Surging Imposter Syndrome appeared first on Business Today"}]