[{"source":"Faculté de droit Travaux récents","url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1866/46603","titre":"Entre muthos et logos, le mythe dans le cheminement philosophique chez Platon : la parole au service de la vérité et le soin de l’'me","id":3208449,"pubDate":"Sat, 10 Oct 2026 08:12:39 +0200","description":"dc.contributor.author: Constantin, Mélody dc.date.issued: 2026-09 dc.description.abstract: Le présent mémoire s’intéresse aux concepts de muthos et logos dans l’Antiquité grecque, en se concentrant plus particulièrement sur leur usage chez Platon. Loin de correspondre à leurs acceptions modernes, ces deux notions ne s’opposent pas de manière radicale, mais sont plutôt complémentaires dans l’activité philosophique platonicienne, comprise notamment comme un cheminement en quête de vérité et de sagesse. Le premier chapitre traite de l’évolution historique des usages des termes muthos et logos, à partir d’exemples de l’époque archaïque et classique. Le deuxième chapitre analyse la dimension pratique du mythe grec, en tant qu’il est étroitement lié aux rituels et qu’il détient une portée sociopolitique. Le troisième chapitre présente la complexité et la polysémie du concept de mythe chez Platon, tout en mettant en lumière le rôle important que détient ce type de discours dans ses œuvres. Enfin, le dernier chapitre synthétise des enjeux sur des concepts clés de notre analyse, tout en soulignant que le discours chez Platon a pour objectif premier la vérité et le soin de l’'me, qu’il soit muthos ou logos.; This dissertation examines the concepts of mythos and logos in ancient Greek literature, with a specific focus on their use in Plato’s dialogues. Far from corresponding to their modern meanings, these two notions are not radically opposed, but are rather complementary within Platonic philosophical activity, the latter understood as a complex path in the search for truth and wisdom. The first chapter deals with the historical evolution of the uses of the terms mythos and logos, based on examples from the archaic and classical periods. The second chapter analyzes the practical dimension of Greek myth, insofar as it is closely linked to rituals and has sociopolitical implications. The third chapter presents the complexity and polysemy of the concept of myth in Plato, while highlighting the important role that this type of discourse holds in his works. Finally, the last chapter synthesizes issues related to some key concepts of this study, while emphasizing that, in Plato, discourse, whether mythos or logos, has as its primary aim truth and the care of the soul. dc.type: Thèse ou mémoire / Thesis or Dissertation etd.degree.discipline: Études"},{"pubDate":"Wed, 07 Oct 2026 14:05:07 +0200","id":3201877,"titre":"Root, root root for the regions","description":"Root, root root for the regions lfair September 24, 2018 | 2:03PM Root, root root for the regions By Andrew Smith, Director, FTC Bureau of Consumer Protection T his year eight major league baseball teams are celebrating milestone anniversaries – and so are the FTC’s regional offices. In 1918, the Commission opened the first three of its regional offices. Today, eight regional offices continue to knock it out the park on behalf of America’s consumers. So it’s only fitting that on this momentous day we acknowledge the regional offices’ century of pennant-winning performances. According to the Commission’s 1918 Annual Report, “In order to expedite the greatly increased work of the Commission . . . small branch offices were established in New York, Chicago, and San Francisco.” Over time, the FTC has added other locations for a current total of eight offices in seven regions. Regional staff work with the Bureau of Consumer Protection and the Bureau of Competition on investigations and litigation. But they are in a unique position to host roundtables and workshops in their communities; to coordinate with local, state, and cross-border law enforcers; and to build partnerships with consumer groups and small business organizations within their region. According to the scouting report, there isn’t a pitch they can’t hit. Here’s a brief look at each region’s box score with a focus on just a few of their many MVP contributions to the FTC’s consumer protection mission. East Central Region . In 1918, the Cleveland Indians finished just out of pennant contention, but the FTC’s Cleveland-based office works hard to bring home the W for consumers and small businesses. For example, ECR has brought a number of cases over the past two decades to protect small businesses in their area and around the country, including cramming, business directory, and unordered merchandise scams. Recently, ECR played a central role in Operation Main Street, the FTC’s recent initiative against scammers targeting small businesses. Midwest Region . Chicago fans may be divided in their loyalty to the Cubs and the White Sox, but consumers who lost money to scammers who used the services of a major money transfer company are united in their appreciation for the FTC-DOJ settlement that returned $586 million back to them. And just recently, MWR hosted the Commission’s workshop on cryptocurrency scams and took a lead role in Operation Tech Trap, a coordinated state, federal, and international effort to shut down tech support fraudsters. Northeast Region . Given New York’s connection to names like Huggins, Houk, Stengel, Berra, and Torre, it’s no wonder the FTC’s Northeast Region has particular expertise in coaching. But in NER’s case, it’s about companies that make deceptive “coaching” and money-making representations. The New York-based office also has been one of the FTC’s power hitters in addressing misleading practices in the affiliate marketing industry. And from their Big Apple location, NER has been a leader in educating consumers, particularly older Americans and small businesses. Northwest Region . Like their hometown Seattle Mariners, the FTC’s Northwest Region has a proven record of navigating the complexities on the field of play. NWR coordinated Operation Donate with Honor, a nationwide crackdown on fraudulent charities alleged to have conned consumers by falsely promising their contributions will help veterans and servicemembers. In addition, our team in Seattle regularly coordinates with Canadian counterparts to combat cross-border fraud. And they’ve been ahead of the curve on tech issues, bringing one of the FTC’s first internet cases in the 90s and more recently, an early online influencer action. Southeast Region . The Atlanta Braves boast a national fan base – and due to their expertise in fighting fraud, the FTC’s Southeast Region can be proud of its coast-to-coast impact,","url":"https://www.ftc.gov/business-guidance/blog/2018/09/root-root-root-regions","source":"FTC USA Business Blog Posts"},{"description":"FTC challenges Online Trading Academy’s money-making claims lfair February 12, 2020 | 4:35PM FTC challenges Online Trading Academy’s money-making claims By Lesley Fair Ads for health products often target Boomer Consumers, but those aren’t the only claims pitched to people looking toward retirement. An FTC action alleges a company called Online Trading Academy has taken in more than $370 million by gearing its deceptive representations to that demographic. In addition, the complaint alleges violations of the Consumer Review Fairness Act. According to the FTC, the California-based operation, related companies, and three individual defendants advertise a “patented strategy” that consumers can apply “to any asset class including stocks, options, futures and currencies” to rake in big money. They claim their “training programs” – with price tags as high as $50,000 – will teach consumers how to “invest like the pros on Wall Street.” ”No matter your experience and goals,” people were told the defendants’ “proven” strategy was “designed to make money in any market, whether it’s going up or down.” The complaint recounts the process the defendants use to attract consumers through TV and radio ads, online promotions, and direct mail. First comes an in-person “preview” seminar. Next, people pay $299 for a three-day “orientation.” That’s where the defendants urge attendees to sign up for seminars costing thousands more. The defendants assign each attendee an “Education Counselor” – a/k/a salesperson working on commission – who follows up by phone or email. According to the complaint, the defendants train their Education Counselors not to “look like, act like or sound like, a traditional salesperson,” but instead to take on a “role” and lead consumers through “The Pain Funnel,” Q&A designed to overcome consumer qualms. To get people to sign up for more seminars, the defendants routinely offer to finance all or part of the cost with loans at 18%, with the promise to forgive the interest if the consumer pays the total off within six months. The FTC says that in some instances, the defendants lead buyers to believe they’ll be able to repay the loan quickly with money they’ll make using that “patented strategy.” So how much does Online Trading Academy say consumers will earn? A central theme of their pitch is “You don’t have to work on Wall Street to make money like Wall Street.” Infomercials feature purchasers claiming that “in three hours I made $12,000” or “I made $32,000 in less than seven trading days.” In a YouTube video, a retiree says he made “$40,000 in a single trade.” In addition, a speaker at a live event claimed consumers “could potentially make $50,000 of annual income with an account size as low as $5,000” because Online Trading Academy has “a patent on the fact that you can time the markets,” which “gives us the ability to know when to get in and when to get out, long-term and short-term.” Other speakers – including some of the named defendants – paint a picture of lavish lifestyles filled with international travel, a “super luxury car” every year, and homes in areas where kids have “live-in nannies, cooks, gardeners.” One speaker said the money he made using Online Trading Academy’s strategy allows him to live in an enclave so exclusive that a neighbor, a renowned Olympic gold medalist, taught his daughter to swim. But the facts paint a different picture. The FTC alleges the defendants don’t systematically collect data sufficient to substantiate their earnings claims. But even the evidence they do have gave them good reason to know their representations are deceptive. For starters, according to the FTC, the defendants know that few consumers who","id":3197414,"pubDate":"Mon, 05 Oct 2026 08:07:09 +0200","titre":"FTC challenges Online Trading Academy’s money-making claims","url":"https://www.ftc.gov/business-guidance/blog/2020/02/ftc-challenges-online-trading-academys-money-making-claims","source":"FTC USA Business Blog Posts"},{"description":"Stick with Security: Require secure passwords and authentication lfair August 11, 2017 | 10:47AM Stick with Security: Require secure passwords and authentication By Thomas B. Pahl, Acting Director, FTC Bureau of Consumer Protection To make it harder for hackers to bluff their way onto a computer network, careful companies follow the advice of Start with Security and require strong authentication practices . We’ve considered FTC settlements, closed investigations, and the questions we get from businesses about implementing good authentication “hygiene.” Here are some tips on using effective authentication procedures to help safeguard your network. Insist on long, complex, and unique passwords. A password’s very reason for being is to be easy for a user to remember, but hard for a fraudster to figure out. Obvious choices like ABCABC, 121212, or qwerty are the digital equivalent of a “hack me” sign. Furthermore, experts have determined that passphrases or longer passwords are generally harder to crack. The smarter strategy is for companies to think through their standards, implement minimum requirements, and educate users about how to create stronger passwords. Also, when you install software, applications, or hardware on your network, computers, or devices, change the default password immediately. And if you design products that require consumers to use a password, configure the initial set-up so they have to change the default password. Example: A staff member attempts to select payroll as the password for the database that includes employee payroll information. The company sets up its system to reject an obvious choice like that. Example: To access the corporate network, a business allows employees to type in their username and a shared password common to everyone who works there. Employees are also allowed to use that shared password to access other services on the system, some of which contain sensitive personal information. The more prudent policy would be to require strong, unique passwords for each employee and to insist that they use different passwords to access different applications. Example: At a staff meeting, a company’s IT manager offers tips for employees about good password hygiene. She explains that passphrases or longer passwords are better than short passwords based on standard dictionary words or well-known information (for example, a child’s name, a pet, a birthday, or a favorite sports team). By establishing a more secure corporate password standard and educating employees about implementing it, the IT manager is taking a step to help her company reduce the risk of unauthorized access. Store passwords securely. A company’s first line of defense against data thieves is a workforce trained to keep passwords secret. But even the strongest password is ineffective if an employee writes it on a sticky note on her desk or shares it with someone else. Train your staff not to disclose passwords in response to phone calls or emails, including ones that may appear to be coming from a colleague. Con artists have been known to impersonate corporate officials by spoofing phone numbers or email addresses. A compromised password poses a particular risk if it can be used to open the door to even more sensitive information – for example, a database of other user credentials maintained on the network in plain, readable text. Make it difficult for data thieves to turn a lucky password guess into a catastrophic breach of your company’s most sensitive data by implementing policies and procedures to store credentials securely. Example: A new employee gets a call from someone who claims to be the company’s system administrator. The caller asks him to verify his network password. Because the new staffer learned about impersonation scams at an in-house security orientation, he refuses to disclose his password and instead reports the incident to the appropriate person in the company. Example: A company keeps user credentials and other passwords in plain","titre":"Stick with Security: Require secure passwords and authentication","id":3197409,"pubDate":"Mon, 05 Oct 2026 08:07:08 +0200","source":"FTC USA Business Blog Posts","url":"https://www.ftc.gov/business-guidance/blog/2017/08/stick-security-require-secure-passwords-authentication"},{"source":"OSHA","url":"https://osha.europa.eu/en/about-eu-osha/press-room/eu-osha-moves-new-headquarters-bilbaos-bat-tower-presence-european-commission-executive-vice-president-roxana-minzatu","titre":"EU-OSHA moves to new headquarters in Bilbao’s BAT Tower in the presence of European Commission Executive Vice-President Roxana Mînzatu","id":3132682,"pubDate":"Thu, 03 Sep 2026 16:29:20 +0200","description":"The European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA) today inaugurated its new offices in the BAT (B Accelerator Tower), in a ceremony presided over by the European Commission Executive Vice-President for Social Rights and Skills, Quality Jobs and Preparedness, Roxana Mînzatu . Also taking part in the event were William Cockburn , Executive Director of EU-OSHA; Mikel Torres , Deputy First Minister and Minister of Economy, Labour and Employment of the Basque Government; Ainara Basurko , Provincial Councillor for Economic Promotion and First Deputy General; and Amaia Arregi , First Deputy Mayor and Counsellor for Security at the Bilbao City Council. During the inauguration, European Commission Executive Vice-President Roxana Mînzatu highlighted that EU-OSHA’s new headquarters in the BAT marks the beginning of a new chapter for the Agency, which has been based in Bilbao since 1996 and has become Europe’s reference point for occupational safety and health. She noted that the building symbolises values such as innovation, sustainability and openness to the future, which define both EU-OSHA and the European project. Mînzatu underlined that the rapid changes taking place in the world of work create opportunities but also new risks, and stressed the importance of prevention, evidence-based policies and cooperation among institutions, businesses, researchers and workers. She also highlighted EU-OSHA’s role in identifying emerging risks and promoting good practices, recalling that occupational safety and health should be viewed as an investment in people and in Europe’s competitiveness. The Executive Vice-President further stated that the Agency’s new headquarters reflect a competitive and socially responsible Europe, capable of combining innovation, economic growth and the protection of people. Finally, she thanked the European, Spanish, Basque and local authorities for their support and acknowledged the contribution of EU-OSHA staff to creating safer and healthier workplaces across Europe. View the photo"},{"url":"https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2026/08/ftc-finalizes-orders-cox-media-group-two-other-firms-settling-charges-they-deceived-customers-about","source":"Federal Trade Commission - Protecting America's Consumers","pubDate":"Fri, 28 Aug 2026 08:07:59 +0200","id":3120376,"titre":"FTC Finalizes Orders with Cox Media Group, Two Other Firms Settling Charges They Deceived Customers About “Active Listening” AI-Powered Marketing Service","description":"The Federal Trade Commission finalized orders requiring Cox Media Group (CMG) and two other firms to pay a total of $930,000 to settle allegations they deceived customers by falsely claiming to offer an AI-powered service that could target localized ads based on conversations captured from consumers’ smart devices and that consumers had opted into such targeting. In three separate complaints first announced in May , the FTC alleged that Georgia-based media and marketing company CMG Media Corporation, which does business as  Cox Media Group , and two marketing firms it worked with, New Hampshire-based MindSift LLC  and Wisconsin-based  1010 Digital Works LLC ,  deceived customers by claiming they used a special algorithm to listen in on and detect pertinent conversations from smart devices in order to target ads to consumers within a specific geographic region. Contrary to these companies’ claims, however, the marketing service wasn’t based on voice data, and consumers hadn’t opted into this service. If the service had functioned as advertised, this collection and use of consumers’ voice data without adequate consent would itself violate the FTC Act. Under the proposed orders settling the FTC’s allegations,  CMG must pay $880,000 while both  MindSift and  1010 Digital Works  must each pay $25,000, which will be used to provide redress to CMG customers impacted by these practices. In addition, each defendant is prohibited from making any misrepresentation about the qualities or features of its advertising or marketing services; the collection and use of voice data and whether consumers have provided their consent to collect, use or disclose their voice data; and the geographic targeting capabilities of its advertising or marketing services. After receiving two comments on the proposed settlement orders, the Commission voted 2-0 to give final approval to the consent"},{"url":"https://www.berec.europa.eu/en/news/press-releases/berec-presents-its-assessment-of-the-digital-networks-act-proposal","source":"BEREC Office","pubDate":"Thu, 11 Jun 2026 10:23:49 +0200","id":2947754,"titre":"BEREC presents its assessment of the Digital Networks Act proposal","description":"BEREC presents its assessment of the Digital Networks Act proposal yannick.stephan Wed, 10/06/2026 - 18:07 Press Releases Europe’s electronic communications framework is entering a pivotal phase of reform, with the proposed Digital Networks Act (DNA ) set to update the regulatory framework for connectivity across the EU. At the BEREC public debriefing on 10 June, the BEREC Chair, Marko Mismas (AKOS, Slovenia), and the Working Group Co-Chairs presented BEREC’s assessment of the DNA proposal, outlining key regulatory considerations that emerged from its analysis. BEREC welcomes the ambition of modernising the EU connectivity framework and supporting resilient, sustainable and high-quality digital networks. At the same time, the assessment highlights areas where further refinement may be needed to ensure that the future framework strengthens rather than adds unnecessary complexity to the internal market for electronic communications. BEREC has developed thematic papers examining key elements of the proposal in greater depth, supporting evidence-based input to the co-legislators. To further contribute to the policy debate, BEREC will publish three additional thematic papers by the end of June. BEREC remains committed to providing its technical and regulatory expertise to help shape a competitive, innovative and future-proof digital Europe. 5G slicing guidance BEREC experts look forward to receiving stakeholders’ input to the public consultation on the draft further guidance on 5G network slicing by 6 August 2026. The draft guidance aims to provide greater regulatory certainty for market players and support innovation in 5G services, while safeguarding open internet principles. Building on the existing Open Internet framework, the guidance will assist providers in assessing whether network slicing-based services comply with the Regulation, including in relation to internet access and specialised services. Reflecting the principle of technological neutrality, the approach is intended to remain relevant beyond 5G and to apply to other technologies that use comparable quality-of-service mechanisms. Call for inputs on roaming BEREC has issued a call for inputs regarding its work on roaming. This call aims to support the preparation of BEREC’s Opinion for the European Commission on the upcoming review of the EU Roaming Regulation and the Implementing Regulation on Fair Use Policy and Sustainability, which is scheduled for submission by the first quarter of 2027. Building on its 2025 Opinion, BEREC invites stakeholders to provide new information, evidence, and perspectives by 21 August 2026. In addition, following the consultation on possible amendments to the BEREC Roaming Benchmark Data Collection procedure, BEREC decided to maintain the current quarterly data collection approach. However, the expansion of the Roam-Like-at-Home regime to Ukraine and Moldova on 1 January 2026, together with the simplification proposals in BEREC’s 2025 Opinion on the Roaming Regulation, requires an update of the roaming data collection template. BEREC therefore launched a call for input on the revised template and invites operators to submit their comments by 3 July 2026. Emergency communications resilience Ensuring uninterrupted access to emergency services for end users remains a critical priority as 2G and 3G mobile networks are progressively phased out across Europe. During its latest plenary meeting, the Heads of the European regulators for electronic communications discussed and adopted a BEREC statement addressing concerns that some devices may fail to connect to emergency communications services, including 112, once legacy networks are switched off. The statement aims to raise awareness of the issue and calls for closer cooperation across the entire communications ecosystem. BEREC underlines the need for further investigation, improved detection of potential failures, and greater transparency among stakeholders to help safeguard the reliability of emergency communications throughout the technological"},{"description":"Public consultation on the draft BEREC Report on Virtual Worlds and Web 4.0 yannick.stephan Tue, 17/03/2026 - 09:26 Breadcrumbs Public Consultations & Calls for Inputs Deadline: Monday, 20 April 2026 (17:00 CEST) During the 66th BEREC plenary meeting (12-13 March 2026), the Board of Regulators approved the Draft BEREC Report on Virtual Worlds and Web 4.0 (BoR (26) 39) for public consultation. The report in a nutshell Virtual worlds (VW) and web 4.0 are at the basis of a transition to the 4th generation of internet based services, leading toward industry 4.0 and smart society. This shift is driven by artificial intelligence (AI) integration in networks and services. Hence, web 4.0 and immersive services are meant to have a significant economic and social impact by transforming the way in which industrial production evolves and automates its processes. At the same time, they transform the fruition of online content and applications by users. This draft BEREC Report provides a fully-fledged analysis. The first part of the draft Report dives into the connectivity developments as well as the transition to network-as-a-service (NaaS). It also provides examples of use cases cutting across industrial and societal applications. The second part deals with challenges posed to electronic communications networks/services (ECN/S) operators related either to the investment lines or to business models and market positioning. In such a scenario, focus is dedicated also to regulatory challenges, for instance the need to guarantee openness and interoperability and to foster investment. The Report builds on previous BEREC work, including the high-level position on artificial intelligence and virtual worlds provided as a contribution to the call for inputs on competition in generative AI and VW issued in 2024 by the European Commission (EC). The report is framed in the following 5 chapters and Conclusion: Introduction Chapter by providing a definition for VW, based on its key characteristics; Chapter 2 provides some concrete examples of use cases; Chapter 3 describes the connectivity challenges faced to enable VW and the network upgrades; Chapter 4 assesses the potential role of electronic communication providers in the provision of VW/Web 4.0 services, as well as any possible future profit streams and incentives; Chapter 5 examines the potential electronic communications regulatory challenges that may arise. Submit your contributions Interested parties are kindly asked to send their contributions via email to berec_virtualworld_pc@distro.berec.europa.eu no later than 20 April 2026 (17:00 CEST). Contributions should preferably be sent in English. To facilitate processing of the responses, the comments provided should clearly refer to the certain chapters/paragraphs of the document. After submitting the contribution, you will receive an acknowledgement email. In case you do not receive it, please contact the BEREC Office via the same email. All stakeholders are strongly encouraged to submit their contributions as early as possible – those received after the above-mentioned deadline will not be taken into account. In accordance with the BEREC policy on public consultations , BEREC will publish all contributions and a summary of the contributions, respecting confidentiality requests. Any such request should clearly indicate information that is considered confidential and should be accompanied by a non-confidential version. Privacy statement type Privacy Statement for Public Consultation Category Name Ongoing Public Consultations and Calls for Inputs Notify subscribers","pubDate":"Mon, 30 Mar 2026 19:32:59 +0200","id":2792998,"titre":"Public consultation on the draft BEREC Report on Virtual Worlds and Web 4.0","url":"https://www.berec.europa.eu/en/public-consultations-calls-for-inputs/public-consultation-on-the-draft-berec-report-on-virtual-worlds-and-web-40","source":"BEREC Office"},{"pubDate":"Wed, 03 Dec 2025 15:56:01 +0100","id":2548822,"titre":"Stakeholder event on anonymisation and pseudonymisation: express your interest","description":"Brussels, 17 November - The EDPB organises a remote event to collect  stakeholders’ input on anonymisation and pseudonymisation on implications of the judgement of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in EDPS v Single Resolution Board (SRB) . The event will take place on 12 December 2025 (time to be confirmed). This will be an opportunity to inform and support the EDPB’s ongoing work on these topics as per its work programme 2024-2025 and it reflects the EDPB’s commitment to stakeholder engagement, as outlined in the recent Helsinki statement .   Who can participate? Individuals representing sector associations, organisations or NGOs and individual companies, law firms or academics are invited to express their interest to participate in this event (one participant per organisation). The EDPB encourages all organisations interested in this matter to delegate a representative with technical knowledge of these topics. As a general rule, participants will be registered on a first-come first-served basis. Nonetheless, the EDPB reserves the right to give precedence to specific stakeholders among those who expressed their interest, based on their relevance to the topics of the event, and to ensure diversity of views and a balanced representation of areas of interest, as well as geographical balance. How to take part? You can find further information and the instructions on how to register (link not available). The call will be closed as soon as a sufficiently high number of applicants is reached with a view to ensuring the participation of a maximum number of stakeholders. If you have technical problems submitting the application, we invite you to refresh the page or open the form in a different browser.    Update on 17/11/2025, 12:57 pm: The call is now closed. Thank you to all those who expressed their interest in taking part in the EDPB stakeholder event on ‘anonymisation and pseudonymisation’. We will carefully review all applications and communicate the results of the process to those who applied in the coming weeks.","url":"https://www.edpb.europa.eu/news/news/2025/stakeholder-event-anonymisation-and-pseudonymisation-express-your-interest_en","source":"EDPB News"},{"id":2368407,"pubDate":"Fri, 12 Sep 2025 15:51:31 +0200","titre":"Interplay between the DSA and the GDPR: EDPB adopts guidelines","description":"Brussels, 12 September - During its September plenary meeting, the European Data Protection Board (EDPB) has adopted guidelines on the interplay between the Digital Services Act (DSA) and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) . These are the first set of EDPB guidelines on the interplay between the GDPR and the EU’s recently adopted digital laws. The DSA aims to complement the rules of the GDPR to ensure the highest level of protection of fundamental rights in the digital space. Its main goal is to create a safer online environment in which the fundamental rights of all users, including the right to freedom of expression, are protected. It applies to online intermediary services , such as search engines and platforms. Several provisions included in the DSA entail the processing of personal data by intermediary service providers. The EDPB guidelines contribute to the consistent application of the DSA and of the GDPR, insofar as some provisions of the DSA concern the processing of personal data by intermediary service providers and include references to GDPR concepts and definitions. While it is up to the competent authorities under the DSA - with the support of the European Board for Digital Services and EU courts - to interpret the DSA, there are a number of provisions which relate to the GDPR. These include: notice-and-action systems that help individuals or entities report illegal content recommender systems used by online platforms to automatically present specific content to the users of the platform with a certain relative order or prominence the provisions to ensure a high level of privacy, safety, and security of minors and prohibiting that profile-based advertising using their data is presented to them transparency of advertising by online platforms prohibition of profiling-based advertising using special categories of data  The EDPB guidelines help to understand how the GDPR should be applied in the context of DSA obligations. The EDPB also provides practical guidance relating to the cross-regulatory cooperation between authorities to coordinate enforcement which will provide more legal certainty for intermediary service providers and ultimately to protect the rights and freedoms of individuals. The guidelines will be subject to public consultation, providing stakeholders with the opportunity to comment and provide feedback. EDPB Chair Anu Talus said: “By clarifying the interplay between the DSA and the GDPR, these guidelines mark a significant step towards ensuring a coherent and effective EU digital rulebook, and they will help uphold the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals. I hope that stakeholders, including the competent authorities under the DSA, will make the most of the opportunity to contribute to the public consultation\". More work in the pipeline Following these first guidelines on the interplay between the GDPR and the DSA, further work is underway with other regulators to clarify the new cross-regulatory landscape and maintain coherent and consistent safeguards for the protection of personal data. In this regard, the EDPB is working on joint guidelines with the European Commission on the interplay between the Digital Markets Act (DMA) and the GDPR, as well as on joint guidelines on the interplay between the AI Act and EU data protection laws.","url":"https://www.edpb.europa.eu/news/news/2025/interplay-between-dsa-and-gdpr-edpb-adopts-guidelines_en","source":"EDPB News"},{"url":"https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2025/01/ftc-surveillance-pricing-study-indicates-wide-range-personal-data-used-set-individualized-consumer","source":"Federal Trade Commission Concurrence communiqués","description":"The Federal Trade Commission’s initial findings from its surveillance pricing market study revealed that details like a person’s precise location or browser history can be frequently used to target individual consumers with different prices for the same goods and services. The staff perspective is based on an examination of documents obtained by FTC staff’s 6(b) orders sent to  several companies in July aiming to better understand the shadowy market that third-party intermediaries use to set individualized prices for products and services based on consumers’ characteristics and behaviors, like location, demographics, browsing patterns and shopping history. Staff found that consumer behaviors ranging from mouse movements on a webpage to the type of products that consumers leave unpurchased in an online shopping cart can be tracked and used by retailers to tailor consumer pricing. “Initial staff findings show that retailers frequently use people’s personal information to set targeted, tailored prices for goods and services—from a person's location and demographics, down to their mouse movements on a webpage,” said FTC Chair Lina M. Khan. “The FTC should continue to investigate surveillance pricing practices because Americans deserve to know how their private data is being used to set the prices they pay and whether firms are charging different people different prices for the same good or service.” The FTC’s study of the 6(b) documents is still ongoing. The staff perspective is based on an initial analysis of documents provided by Mastercard, Accenture, PROS, Bloomreach, Revionics and McKinsey & Co. Image The FTC’s 6(b) study focuses on intermediary firms, which are the middlemen hired by retailers that can algorithmically tweak and target their prices. Instead of a price or promotion being a static feature of a product, the same product could have a different price or promotion based on a variety of inputs—including consumer-related data and their behaviors and preferences, the location, time, and channels by which a consumer buys the product, according to the perspective. The agency will only release information obtained from a 6(b) study as long as all data has been aggregated or anonymized to protect confidential trade secrets from company respondents, and therefore the staff perspective only includes hypothetical examples of surveillance pricing.  The staff perspective found that some 6(b) respondents can determine individualized and different pricing and discounts based on granular consumer data, like a cosmetics company targeting promotions to specific skin types and skin tones. The perspective also found that the intermediaries the FTC examined can show higher priced products based on consumers’ search and purchase activity. As one hypothetical outlined, a consumer who is profiled as a new parent may intentionally be shown higher priced baby thermometers on the first page of their search results. The FTC staff found that the intermediaries worked with at least 250 clients that sell goods or services ranging from grocery stores to apparel retailers. The FTC found that widespread adoption of this practice may fundamentally upend how consumers buy products and how companies compete. As the FTC continues its work in this area, it is issuing a request for information   today seeking public comment on consumers’ experiences with surveillance pricing. The RFI also asks for comments from businesses about whether surveillance pricing tools can lead to competitors gaining an unfair advantage, and whether gig workers or employees have been impacted by the use of surveillance pricing to determine their compensation. Comments are due by April 17. The Commission voted 3-2 to allow staff to issue the report. Commissioners Andrew Ferguson and Melissa Holyoak issued a dissenting statement related to the release of the initial research summaries. The FTC has additional resources on the interim","id":2044739,"pubDate":"Thu, 10 Apr 2025 09:51:48 +0200","titre":"FTC Surveillance Pricing Study Indicates Wide Range of Personal Data Used to Set Individualized Consumer Prices"}]